Children must have their needs met in multiple domains in order to thrive, but many children in low- and middle-income countries do not meet their developmental potential because of the effects of HIV and common mental disorders. This literature review covers the mental health status of mothers living with HIV and how their status affects their children. It outlines the pathways between maternal HIV, maternal mental health problems, and negative child outcomes; and then describes a number of intervention entry points that have the potential to enhance impact.